Who Are the Métis? A Primer on Identity, Culture, and Nationhood
The Métis are one of the three constitutionally recognized Indigenous peoples in Canada, alongside First Nations and Inuit. But unlike common assumptions, Métis identity isn’t just about mixed ancestry — it’s about being part of a distinct nation, with its own culture, language, kinship networks, and political history.
The Origins of the Métis Nation
The Métis Nation began in the late 1700s in the Red River region (now Manitoba), where French and Scottish fur traders formed families with Indigenous women from nations like the Cree, Saulteaux, and Assiniboine. Their descendants developed a culture that was distinct from both parent groups.
By the 1800s, the Métis were asserting political and economic independence through buffalo hunts, fur trade, and collective resistance.
What Makes Someone Métis?
Métis identity is not about having mixed blood. It’s about belonging to a distinct people with:
Shared history and kinship
Connection to a recognized Métis community
Political and cultural continuity
According to the Métis National Council, three criteria apply:
Self-identification as Métis
Ancestral connection to a historic Métis community
Acceptance by the contemporary Métis Nation
The Métis Homeland
The historic Métis Homeland includes:
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta
Parts of Ontario, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories
Parts of northern U.S. states like North Dakota and Montana
Legal Recognition and Rights
The Métis are recognized as Indigenous under Section 35 of the Constitution Act (1982).
Landmark moments:
Powley Decision (2003): Affirmed Métis harvesting rights
Ongoing self-government agreements: Formalizing recognition of Métis governance and sovereignty
Métis Culture and Language
Key cultural expressions include:
Michif language – A blend of Cree and French
The Métis sash – Symbol of identity and resistance
Fiddle music & jigging – Signature art forms
Beadwork & oral storytelling – Core cultural practices
Learn More
Explore more from these national and provincial organizations:
